class: center, middle .mw40[] <!-- .wug[] --> # Morphology Ponrawee Prasertsom .g[LOT Training Camp 2025] --- # Me **Ponrawee Prasertsom .g[.ipa[\[pʰonráwiː pràsɤ̀ːtsǒm\]]]** - PhD student, Centre for Language Evolution, University of Edinburgh --- # Morpheme - Morphology is the study of words and their structures - Words in languages are formed by combining .t[morphemes] - Morphemes are the *smallest meaningful* units. - These are all morphemes: - .ex[ไก่] .lg[(Thai)] - .ex[pig] .lg[(English)] - .ex[re-] .lg[(English)] - .ex[=ni/に] .lg[(Japanese)] - .ex[jan/जन्] .lg[(Sanskrit)] --- # Morpheme-to-word ratio - Isolating = Low ratio ~ 1:1 .lg[(Thai)] <div data-gloss> <p>ฉัน อยาก จะ ไป เที่ยว</p> <p>1SG want IRR go travel</p> <p>‘I want to travel.’</p> </div> - Synthetic = Mid-range ratio .lg[(Japanese)] <div data-gloss> <p>Tarou-tachi=wa gohan=o tabe-mashita</p> <p>Taro-ASSOC=TOP rice=ACC eat-POLITE:PFV </p> <p>‘Taro and his group ate rice.'</p> </div> - Polysynthetic = High ratio .lg[(Central Yup’ik)] ← IOL loves this type. <div data-gloss> <p>tuntu-ssur-qatar-ni-ksaite-ngqiggte-uq</p> <p>reindeer-hunt-FUT-say-NEG-again-3SG.IND</p> <p>‘He had not yet said again that he was going to hunt reindeer.’</p> </div> --- # Making words from morphemes - Affixation - Prefix: .ex[⟨me-⟩muni] .g[.sm[.sc[1pl.excl.subj]-drink ‘(We) drink.’]] .lg[(Lewo)] - Suffix: .ex[lil⟨-its⟩] .g[.sm[cry-.sc[caus] ‘make (sb) cry.’]] .lg[(Chichewa)] - Circumfix: .ex[ke-⟩besar⟨-an] .g[.sm[.sc[nmlz]-huge-.sc[nmlz] ‘hugeness’]] .lg[(Malay)] - Infix: .ex[k⟨-amn-⟩aət] .g[.sm[born:.sc[nmlz] ‘birth’ ]] .lg[(Khmer)] - Compounding: .ex[demir] .g[.sm[road]] + .ex[yol-u] .g[.sm[iron-.sc[poss]]] → .ex[demiryolu] .g[.sm[‘railway (lit. road of iron)’]] .lg[(Turkish)] - Base modification: .ex[káʔba] .g[.sm[‘filth’]] → .ex[káʔbá] .g[.sm[filth:.sc[adjlz] ‘filthy’]] .lg[(Chalcatongo Mictec)] - Reduplication - Full reduplication: .ex[แดง] → .ex[แดงๆ] .g[.sm[‘kind of red’]] .lg[(Thai)] - Partial reduplication: .ex[kuk] → .ex[k**uk**-**uk**] .g[.sm[bark-.sc[prog] ‘be barking’]] .lg[(Mangap-Mbula)] - ‘‘Duplifix’’: .ex[jid] → .ex[ji**d**-a**d**] .g[.sm[street-.sc[pl] ‘streets’]] .lg[(Somali)] ??? Languages have many ways to build words out of morphemes. --- # Discontinuous morphology - Morphemes are usually combined in a (superficially) linear fashion. - .ex[nat-] .g[(root)] → .ex[nat-ion] → .ex[nat-ion-al] → .ex[nat-ion-al-ity] → .ex[nat-ion-al-iti-es] .lg[(English)] - ... But Semitic languages such as Arabic, Amharic, Hebrew and Maltese have .t[consonantal roots] (usually 3) and .t[transfixes]. Examples from Arabic: - .ex[**k**a**t**a**b**a] ‘he wrote.’ - .ex[**k**a**t**a**b**at] ‘she wrote.’ - .ex[ya**kt**u**b**u] ‘he writes.’ - .ex[ta**kt**u**b**u] ‘she writes.’ - .ex[**k**i**t**aa**b**] ‘book’ - .ex[**k**aa**t**i**b**] ‘writer (masculine)’ - .ex[**k**aa**t**i**b**at] ‘writer (feminine)’ --- # IOL 2003, Problem 2: Arabic Arithmetic .container[ .left-col[ .ipa[*tumn* + *tumnēn* = *talatt itmān* *sabaʕt itlāt* + *suds* = *ʕašart irbāʕ* *tusʕēn* + *tusʕ* = *sudsēn* *xamast ixmās* + *subʕ* = *tamant isbāʕ* *subʕēn* + *xumsēn* = `\(\frac{24}{35}\)` ] .d8em[All words and sums are fractions. Words and sums' numerators and denominators ≤ 10 and there is no `\(\frac{x}{1}\)`. ] ] ] --- # IOL 2003, Problem 2: Arabic Arithmetic .container[ .left-col[ .ipa[*___t___u___mn___* + *___t___u___mn___ēn* = *___t___a___l___a___t___t i___tm___ā___n___* *___s___a___b___a___ʕ___t i___tl___ā___t___* + *___s___u___ds___* = *___ʕ___a___š___a___r___t i___rb___ā___ʕ___* *___t___u___sʕ___ēn* + *___t___u___sʕ___* = *___s___u___ds___ēn* *___x___a___m___a___s___t i___xm___ā___s___* + *___s___u___bʕ___* = *___t___a___m___a___n___t i___sb___ā___ʕ___* *___s___u___bʕ___ēn* + *___x___u___ms___ēn* = `\(\frac{24}{35}\)` ] .d8em[All words and sums are fractions. Words and sums' numerators and denominators ≤ 10 and there is no `\(\frac{x}{1}\)`. ] ] ] --- # IOL 2003, Problem 2: Arabic Arithmetic .container[ .left-col[ .ipa[*___t___u___mn___* + *___t___u___mn___ēn* = *___t___a___l___a___t___t i___tm___ā___n___* *___s___a___b___a___ʕ___t i___tl___ā___t___* + *___s___u___ds___* = *___ʕ___a___š___a___r___t i___rb___ā___ʕ___* *___t___u___sʕ___ēn* + *___t___u___sʕ___* = *___s___u___ds___ēn* *___x___a___m___a___s___t i___xm___ā___s___* + *___s___u___bʕ___* = *___t___a___m___a___n___t i___sb___ā___ʕ___* *___s___u___bʕ___ēn* + *___x___u___ms___ēn* = `\(\frac{24}{35}\)` ] .d8em[All words and sums are fractions. Words and sums' numerators and denominators ≤ 10 and there is no `\(\frac{x}{1}\)`. ] ] .right-col[ .container[ .left-col[ #### Roots .ipa[ 1. t-m-n 2. t-l-t 3. s-b-ʕ 4. s-d-s 5. ʕ-š-r 6. r-b-ʕ 7. t-s-ʕ 8. x-m-s ] ] .right-col[ #### Transfixes .ipa[ 1. Ø-u-Ø-Ø 2. Ø-u-Ø-ēn 3. Ø-a-a-t 4. i-Ø-ā-Ø ] ] ] ] ] --- # IOL 2003, Problem 2: Arabic Arithmetic .container[ .left-col[ .ipa[*tumn* + *tumnēn* = *talatt itmān* *sabaʕt itlāt* + *suds* = *ʕašart irbāʕ* *tusʕēn* + *tusʕ* = *sudsēn* *xamast ixmās* + *subʕ* = *tamant isbāʕ* ___subʕēn + xumsēn = `\(\frac{24}{35}\)`___ ] .d8em[All words and sums are fractions. **Words and sums' numerators and denominators ≤ 10 and there is no `\(\frac{x}{1}\)`.** ] ] .right-col[ All denoms ≤ 10 ∴ .ipa[subʕēn, xumsēn] denoms = 5 and 7. ∴ .ipa[{subʕēn, xumsēn}] = `{\(\frac{2}{5}\)`, `\(\frac{2}{7}\)}` ∴ .ipa[Ø-u-Ø-ēn] = `\(\frac{2}{\text{root}}\)` .ipa[{s-b-ʕ, x-m-s} = {5, 7}] ∴ Transfixes = `\(\frac{x}{\text{root}}\)` ] ] --- # IOL 2003, Problem 2: Arabic Arithmetic .container[ .left-col[ .ipa[*tumn* + *tumnēn* = *talatt itmān* *sabaʕt itlāt* + *suds* = *ʕašart irbāʕ* ___tusʕēn + tusʕ = sudsēn___ *xamast ixmās* + *subʕ* = *tamant isbāʕ* *subʕēn + xumsēn = `\(\frac{24}{35}\)`* ] .d8em[ All words and sums are fractions. Words and sums' numerators and denominators ≤ 10 and there is no `\(\frac{x}{1}\)`. ] ] .right-col[ `\(\frac{\text{Ø-u-Ø-Ø} + 2}{\text{t-s-ʕ}} = \frac{2}{\text{s-d-s}}\)` - Consider constraints - Assume integer roots - Assume unique words for integers We get - Ø-u-Ø-Ø = `\(\frac{1}{\text{root}}\)` - t-s-ʕ = 6 or 9 - s-d-s = 4 or 6 ] ] --- # IOL 2003, Problem 2: Arabic Arithmetic .container[ .left-col[ .ipa[___*tumn* + *tumnēn* = *talatt itmān*___ *sabaʕt itlāt* + *suds* = *ʕašart irbāʕ* *tusʕēn* + *tusʕ* = *sudsēn* *xamast ixmās* + *subʕ* = *tamant isbāʕ* *subʕēn + xumsēn = `\(\frac{24}{35}\)`* ] .d8em[ All words and sums are fractions. Words and sums' numerators and denominators ≤ 10 and there is no `\(\frac{x}{1}\)`. ] ] .right-col[ We know that: - .ipa[Ø-u-Ø-Ø] = `\(\frac{1}{\text{root}}\)` - .ipa[Ø-u-Ø-ēn] = `\(\frac{2}{\text{root}}\)` `\(\frac{\text{Ø-u-Ø-Ø} + \text{Ø-u-Ø-ēn}}{\text{t-m-n}} = \frac{1+2}{\text{t-m-n}} = \frac{\text{t-l-t}}{\text{t-m-n}}\)` ∴ .ipa[t-l-t] = 3 Observe that .ipa[Ø-a-a-t] always occurs with .ipa[i-Ø-ā-n], and all the remaining fractions have them: ∴ .ipa[1a1a1t i22ā2n] = `\(\frac{\text{1-1-1}}{\text{2-2-2}}\)` ... when 1-1-1 > 2 ] ] --- # IOL 2003, Problem 2: Arabic Arithmetic .container[ .left-col[ .ipa[*tumn* + *tumnēn* = *talatt itmān* *sabaʕt itlāt* + *suds* = *ʕašart irbāʕ* *tusʕēn* + *tusʕ* = *sudsēn* __*xamast ixmās* + *subʕ* = *tamant isbāʕ*__ *subʕēn + xumsēn = `\(\frac{24}{35}\)`* ] .d8em[ All words and sums are fractions. Words and sums' numerators and denominators ≤ 10 and there is no `\(\frac{x}{1}\)`. ] ] .right-col[ .ipa[ `\begin{align} \frac{\text{x-m-s}}{\text{x-m-s}} + \frac{1}{\text{s-b-ʕ}} &= \frac{\text{t-m-n}}{\text{s-b-ʕ}} \\ \text{s-b-ʕ} + 1 &=\text{t-m-n} \end{align}`] We know that .ipa[s-b-ʕ] ∈ {5, 7}, so .ipa[t-m-n] ∈ {6, 8} But we also know that 6 **must** be either .ipa[t-s-ʕ] or .ipa[s-d-s]. So .ipa[t-m-n] cannot be 6. ∴ t-m-n = 8; s-b-ʕ = 7 Because {x-m-s, s-b-ʕ} = {5, 7} ∴ x-m-s = 5 ] ] --- # IOL 2003, Problem 2: Arabic Arithmetic .container[ .left-col[ .ipa[*tumn* + *tumnēn* = *talatt itmān* ___*sabaʕt itlāt* + *suds* = *ʕašart irbāʕ*___ *tusʕēn* + *tusʕ* = *sudsēn* *xamast ixmās* + *subʕ* = *tamant isbāʕ* *subʕēn + xumsēn = `\(\frac{24}{35}\)`* ] .d8em[ All words and sums are fractions. Words' and sums' numerators and denominators ≤ 10 and there is no `\(\frac{x}{1}\)`. ] ] .right-col[ `\begin{align}\frac{\text{s-b-ʕ}}{\text{t-l-t}} + \frac{1}{\text{s-d-s}} &= \frac{\text{ʕ-š-r}}{\text{r-b-ʕ}} \\ \frac{7}{3} + \frac{1}{\text{s-d-s}} &= \frac{\text{ʕ-š-r}}{\text{r-b-ʕ}} \end{align}` Because s-d-s ∈ {4, 6} `\begin{align} \frac{7}{3} + \frac{1}{\text{s-d-s}} &= \frac{7}{3} + \frac{1}{4} = \frac{31}{12} \text{, or} \\ &= \frac{7}{3} + \frac{1}{6} = \frac{5}{2} = \frac{10}{4} \end{align}` Given the constraints and integer uniqueness, we get - s-d-s = 6 - t-s-ʕ = 9 - ʕ-š-r = 10 - r-b-ʕ = 4 ] ] --- # IOL 2003, Problem 2: Arabic Arithmetic .container[ .left-col[ .ipa[*tumn* + *tumnēn* = *talatt itmān* *sabaʕt itlāt* + *suds* = *ʕašart irbāʕ* *tusʕēn* + *tusʕ* = *sudsēn* *xamast ixmās* + *subʕ* = *tamant isbāʕ* *subʕēn + xumsēn = `\(\frac{24}{35}\)`* ] .d8em[ All words and sums are fractions. Words' and sums' numerators and denominators ≤ 10 and there is no `\(\frac{x}{1}\)`. ] ] .right-col[ And we're done! .container[ .left-col[ #### Roots .ipa[ 1. t-m-n = 8 2. t-l-t = 3 3. s-b-ʕ = 7 4. s-d-s = 6 5. ʕ-š-r = 10 6. r-b-ʕ = 4 7. t-s-ʕ = 9 8. x-m-s = 5 ] ] .right-col[ #### Transfixes .ipa[ 1. Ø-u-Ø-Ø=`\(\frac{1}{\text{root}}\)` 2. i-Ø-ā-Ø=`\(\frac{2}{\text{root}}\)` 3. 1a1a1t 2u22ēn=`\(\frac{\text{1-1-1}}{\text{2-2-2}}\)` ] ] ] ] ] --- # Derivation and inflection - .t[Derivation] = morphological processes that change the *core* meaning of a word - .ex[read] → .ex[re-read] (affixation) - .ex[dɔ̀] .sm[.g[drink]] → .ex[tɔ] .sm[.g[drink:.sc[caus] ‘cause to drink’]] (base modification) - .t[Inflection] = no change in the core meaning, change in grammatical features - .ex[read] → .ex[(he) read-s] (affixation) - .ex[paːrʃt̪] .sm[.g[bard:.sc[nom:sg:indf] ‘a bard’]] → .ex[vaːrʃt̪] .sm[.g[bard:.sc[gen:pl:indf] ‘of bards’]] (base modification) .box[ ### Universal!!! 🤩: - Across spoken languages, derivational morphemes are (generally) closer to the root than inflectional ones. - .ex[read-er-s] .sm[.g[read-.sc[nmlz]-.sc[pl]]] ] --- # UR & SR - Often, the same morphemes (same meaning) have different forms, changing some sounds: - .ex[Buch] ~ .ex[Büch-er] .sm[.g[book-.sc[pl] ‘books’]] .lg[(German Umlaut)] - .ex[**k**ami] .sm[.g[‘paper’]] ~ .ex[ori-**g**ami] .sm[.g[fold-paper ‘folding paper’]] .lg[(Japanese Rendaku)] - Not random but predictable from sound and word structure, or from the specific words themselves. - German Umlaut (simplified): .ex[ü] .g[[yː]] occurs in the morpheme when the word is plural, .ex[u] .g[[uː]] elsewhere - Japanese Rendaku (simplified): .ex[g] .g[[g]] at the start of the second morpheme in a compound, when preceded by a vowel; .ex[k] .g[[k]] elsewhere --- # UR & SR: German - Sometimes it is useful to think of a word and its morphemes as having an ‘‘original’’ form (.t[underlying representation; UR]), and the derived form (.t[surface representation; SR]) Consider the German examples below: .container[ .left-col[ #### Singular 1. [taːk] .sm[.g[‘day:.sc[sg]’]] 2. [los] .sm[.g[‘lot:.sc[sg]’]] 3. [ʔanʁuːf] .sm[.g[‘phone.call:.sc[sg]’]] 4. [ʔaʁm] .sm[.g[arm:.sc[sg]’]] 5. [hʊnt] .sm[.g[‘dog:.sc[sg]’]] 6. [boːt] .sm[.g[‘boat:.sc[sg]’]] ] .right-col[ #### Plural 1. [taːg-ə] .sm[.g[‘day:.sc[pl]’]] 3. [loz-ə] .sm[.g[‘lot:.sc[pl]’]] 4. [ʔanʁuːf-ə] .sm[.g[‘phone.call:.sc[pl]’]] 5. [ʔaʁm-ə] .sm[.g[arm:.sc[pl]’]] 2. [hʊnd-ə] .sm[.g[‘dog:.sc[pl]’]] 6. [boːt-ə] .sm[.g[‘boat:.sc[pl]’]] ]] What are the URs (original form)? What is the rule for deriving the SRs? --- # UR & SR: German - If the forms of the root are different, the UR is the ones with a final voiced obstruent .ipa[[g, d, z]], if any. (Why choose the voiced variant?) - [taːg], [loz], [hund], [ʔaʁm] - Otherwise, the root's UR is the same as its SR. - [ʔanʁuːf], [boːt] - The rule is: .l2em[`\(\begin{bmatrix} +\text{consonantal} \\ -\text{sonorant} \end{bmatrix} \rightarrow{} \begin{bmatrix} -\text{voice} \end{bmatrix} / \_\_\# \)`] where - `\(\begin{bmatrix} +\text{consonantal} \\ -\text{sonorant} \end{bmatrix}\)` = obstruent consonants - `\(\begin{bmatrix} -\text{voice} \end{bmatrix}\)` = voiceless ‘‘All obstruent consonants become voiceless at the end of the word (before pause, #).’’ --- # UR & SR: Indonesian Isolate the prefix common to the words below. What is its UR? What are the rules to derive the SR? (No need for fancy notation.) .container[ .left-col[ #### Verb stems .ipa[ 1. bat͡ʃa 2. ɲaɲi 3. antuk 4. ŋat͡ʃo 5. t͡ʃut͡ʃi 6. lempar 7. pukul 8. masak 9. gambar 10. tulis 11. d͡ʒawab 12. isi ]] .right-col[ #### Prefixed forms .ipa[ 1. məmbat͡ʃa 2. məɲaɲi 3. məŋantuk 4. məŋat͡ʃo 5. meɲt͡ʃut͡ʃi 6. məlempar 7. məmukul 8. məmasak 9. məŋgambar 10. mənulis 11. məɲd͡ʒawab 12. məŋisi ] ] ] --- # UR & SR: Indonesian The UR is **.ipa[məŋ]**. The rules are: - Change the place of articulation of ŋ to be the same as the following consonant `\(\text{ŋ} \rightarrow{} \begin{bmatrix} α\text{place} \end{bmatrix} / \_\_ \begin{bmatrix}+\text{consonantal} \\ α\text{place}\end{bmatrix} \)` - Delete the nasal before a sonorant (.ipa[n, ŋ, m, l]) `\(\begin{bmatrix}+\text{nasal} \end{bmatrix} \rightarrow{} ∅ / \_\_ \begin{bmatrix}+\text{consonantal} \\ +\text{sonorant}\end{bmatrix} \)` - Delete .ipa[p, t, k] after the nasal `\(\begin{bmatrix}+\text{consonantal} \\ -\text{voice} \\ -\text{delayed release} \end{bmatrix} \rightarrow{} ∅ / \begin{bmatrix}+\text{nasal}\end{bmatrix} \_\_ \)` ... where .ipa[+] = morpheme boundaries. Do these rules have to be ordered? Why? --- # UR & SR: Indonesian Why not choose other forms as URs, e.g. .ipa[**mən, məm, mə** or **məɲ**]? --- # UR & SR: Indonesian Why not choose other forms as URs, e.g. .ipa[**mən, məm, mə** or **məɲ**]? Because of cases like these: - antuk → məŋantuk - isi → məŋisi <!-- If we choose any other forms, we'd need more rules: e.g. ‘‘insert ŋ between the prefix and the stem’’ and ‘‘insert a nasal with the same place of articulation as the following consonant.’’ --> You may have another set of rules. These are fine as long as your rules account for 100% of the data, but there are probably more rules/they are more complicated. .box[ ### All unpredictable things in the UR: Posit a UR that has all unpredictable information. In this case, we cannot predict what nasals will occur between vowels, so we put [ŋ] in the UR. ] --- # IOL 2004, Problem 5 Chuvash verbs .container[ .left-col[ .container[ .left-col[ .ipa[ 1. aman 2. aptra 4. cĕt 5. çit 6. čühen 7. hupăn 9. kaç 10. kăvakar 11. kuç 12. puçtarăn 13. shăn 14. taptan 15. tupăn 16. uçăn 17. ük 18. vĕre 18. vĕren 19. vitĕn 20. 21. ] ] .right-col[ .ipa[ 1. amant 2. 4. çĕter 5. 6. čühe 7. 9. 10. kăvakart 11. kuçar 12. puçtar 13. shănt 14. tapta 15. tup 16. uç 17. üker 18. vĕret 18. vĕrent 19. vit 20. kĕrt 21. pytar ] ] ] ] .right-col[ Instructions: - Fill in the blanks - Indicate which blanks cannot be filled with certainty (i.e. more than one possible forms). ] ] --- # IOL 2004, Problem 5 Chuvash verbs .container[ .left-col[ .container[ .left-col[ .ipa[ 1. __aman__ 2. aptra 4. __cĕt__ 5. çit 6. čühen 7. hupăn 9. kaç 10. __kăvakar__ 11. __kuç__ 12. puçtarăn 13. __shăn__ 14. taptan 15. tupăn 16. uçăn 17. __ük__ 18. __vĕre__ 18. __vĕren__ 19. vitĕn 20. 21. ] ] .right-col[ .ipa[ 1. amant 2. 4. çĕter 5. 6. __čühe__ 7. 9. 10. kăvakart 11. kuçar 12. __puçtar__ 13. shănt 14. __tapta__ 15. __tup__ 16. __uç__ 17. üker 18. vĕret 18. vĕrent 19. __vit__ 20. kĕrt 21. pytar ] ] ] ] .right-col[ The key is just finding the right URs for the stems! Sometimes the UR is on the left, sometimes on the right. (Hax: The UR is just the shorter one.) <!-- Sometimes it is on the left (intransitive) --> ] ] --- # IOL 2004, Problem 5 Chuvash verbs .container[ .left-col[ .container[ .left-col[ .ipa[ 1. aman 2. aptra 4. cĕt 5. çit 6. čühen 7. hupăn 9. kaç 10. kăvakar 11. __.r[kuç]__ 12. __.r[puçtarăn]__ 13. shăn 14. taptan 15. tupăn 16. uçăn 17. ük 18. vĕre 18. vĕren 19. vitĕn 20. 21. ] ] .right-col[ .ipa[ 1. amant 2. 4. çĕter 5. 6. čühe 7. 9. 10. kăvakart 11. __kuçar__ 12. __puçtar__ 13. shănt 14. tapta 15. tup 16. uç 17. üker 18. vĕret 18. vĕrent 19. vit 20. kĕrt 21. pytar ] ] ] ] .right-col[ The key is just finding the right URs for the stems! Sometimes the UR is on the left, sometimes on the right. (Hax: The UR is just the shorter one.) Choosing the wrong UR will result in unpredictability. <!-- Sometimes it is on the left (intransitive) --> ] ] --- # IOL 2004, Problem 5 Chuvash verbs .container[ .left-col[ .container[ .left-col[ .ipa[ 1. __ama.b[n]__ 2. aptra 4. __cĕ.r[t]__ 5. çit 6. čühen 7. hupăn 9. kaç 10. __kăvaka.b[r]__ 11. __ku.r[ç]__ 12. puçtarăn 13. __shă.b[n]__ 14. taptan 15. tupăn 16. uçăn 17. __ü.r[k]__ 18. __vĕr.b[e]__ 18. __vĕre.b[n]__ 20. vitĕn 21. 21. ] ] .right-col[ .ipa[ 1. __ama.b[n]__***t*** 2. 4. __çĕ.r[t]__***er*** 5. 6. čühe 7. 9. 10. __kăvaka.b[r]__***t*** 11. __ku.r[ç]__***ar*** 12. puçtar 13. __shă.b[n]__***t*** 14. tapta 15. tup 16. uç 17. __ü.r[k]__***er*** 18. __vĕr.b[e]__***t*** 18. __vĕre.b[n]__***t*** 19. vit 20. kĕrt 21. pytar ] ] ] ] .right-col[ For URs on the left side, there are two suffixes: - .ipa[-Vr] (.ipa[e] or .ipa[a] followed by .ipa[r]), used when the stem ends with an .r[obstruent]. - The choice of the vowel depends on vowel harmony. .mw80[] - .ipa[-t], used when the stem ends with a .b[sonorant] (vowels, .ipa[n], .ipa[r]). <!-- But we usually prefer the shorter ones and treat the additional materials as suffixes. --> <!-- Sometimes it is on the left (intransitive) --> ] ] --- # IOL 2004, Problem 5 Chuvash verbs .container[ .left-col[ .container[ .left-col[ .ipa[ 1. aman 2. aptra 4. cĕt 5. çit 6. __čühe***n***__ 7. hupăn 9. kaç 10. kăvakar 11. kuç 12. __puçta.r[r]***.b[ă]n***__ 13. shăn 14. __tapta***n***__ 15. __tu.r[p]***.b[ă]n***__ 16. __u***.r[ç].b[ă]n***__ 17. ük 18. vĕre 18. vĕren 19. __vi.r[t]***.b[ĕ]n***__ 20. 21. ] ] .right-col[ .ipa[ 1. amant 2. 4. çĕter 5. 6. __čühe__ 7. 9. 10. kăvakart 11. kuçar 12. __puçta.r[r]__ 13. shănt 14. __tapta__ 15. __tu.r[p]__ 16. __u.r[ç]__ 17. üker 18. vĕret 18. vĕrent 19. __vi.r[t]__ 20. kĕrt 21. pytar ] ] ] ] .right-col[ For URs on the right side, there is one suffix: - .ipa[-(V̆)n] (.ipa[n], might be preceded by .ipa[ĕ] or .ipa[ă]): The .b[vowel] is harmonic and is inserted when the stem ends with a .r[consonant]. <!-- Sometimes it is on the left (intransitive) --> ] ] --- # IOL 2004, Problem 5 Chuvash verbs .container[ .left-col[ .container[ .left-col[ .ipa[ 1. aman 2. aptra 4. cĕt 5. çit 6. čühen 7. hupăn 9. kaç 10. kăvakar 11. kuç 12. puçtarăn 13. shăn 14. taptan 15. tupăn 16. uçăn 17. ük 18. vĕre 18. vĕren 19. vitĕn 20. __ker, kertĕn__ 21. __pyt, pytarăn__ ] ] .right-col[ .ipa[ 1. amant 2. __aptrat__ 4. çĕter 5. __çiter__ 6. čühe 7. __hup, hupănt__ 9. __kaçar__ 10. kăvakart 11. kuçar 12. puçtar 13. shănt 14. tapta 15. tup 16. uç 17. üker 18. vĕret 18. vĕrent 19. vit 20. kĕrt 21. pytar ] ] ] ] .right-col[ We can now fill in the blanks. Some blanks are ambiguous because the data are compatible with the UR on either side. <!-- Sometimes it is on the left (intransitive) --> ] ] --- # Notes on how to answer When you write your answers, you can use formulae, made-up notations (a → b), technical terms (URs, obstruents, sonorants, etc.) and abbreviations (C for consonants, V for vowels, etc.). But you must **define** them in the answers. Next module is **grammatical features**. Have fun!